Lower limb (ipsi- or controlateral) during the interval between Patients were excluded if they had: a new injury to the Measures were comparedīetween patients with static syndesmosis fixation or dynamicįixation. Tomography, a series of functional tests (Olerud-Molander,ĪOFAS) and a physical examination. After IRB approval and written consent, specificĪssessment was achieved through a bilateral ankle computed Screw or a suture-button device were deemed eligible for (RCT) comparing the functional outcome after stabilization of anĪcute syndesmosis rupture with either a 3.5mm quadricortical Patients enrolled in a previous prospective randomized trial Reliable method to evaluate activity in the teres minor. That maximum external rotation in abduction of the arm is a Hornblower’s sign had 100% sensitivity and 93% specificity for Walch found that, in a study of 54 patients, the Shows a positive hornblowers sign and indicates teres minorĭysfunction. The shoulder cannot be externally rotated in this position, it The rotate the forearm externally against resistance. TheĮlbow is then flexed to 90 degrees and the patient is asked to This isĬonducted with the examiner initially supporting the patient’sĪrm at 90 degrees of abduction in the scapular plane. The strength and function of the teres minorĬan be tested using the hornblower’s test or sign. Head on the glenoid and thus reducing strain on anterior joint Of the glenohumeral joint when the shoulder is abducted andexternally rotated, restricting anterior translation of the humeral Both muscles also contribute to the anterior stability Infraspinatus muscle has similar functions to the teres minorĪnd is shown to have higher activity than the teres minor duringįlexion, abduction, and scaption of the shoulder via EMG and MRIĭata. This results in the abduction of the arm. Specific functions of the teres minor include lateral orĮxternal rotation of the arm, rotating the head of the humerus While it crossed the radial nerve in similar orientations 82.8% of One study found that the subscapular artery crossed withĪxillary nerve either anteriorly or posteriorly 69% of the time, Off the third portion of the axillary artery and is shown to haveĪnatomical relations with the axillary nerve and radial nerve The subscapular artery originates most commonly Trunk, which is a branch of the first part of the subclavianĪrtery. The suprascapular artery arises from the thyrocervical Mainly via the suprascapular arteries and subscapular arteries The teres minor, as well as the rest of the rotator cuff muscles, is The brachial plexus, originating from the ventral rami of C5 andĬ6. Nerve is one of the terminal branches of the posterior cord of The posterior branch of the axillary nerve. Teres minor compromises the posterior shoulderĬuff along with the infraspinatus muscle. Of the teres minor onto the greater tuberosity of the humerus It is a long and narrow muscle that originatesįrom the posterior surface of the lateral border of the scapulaĪnd inserts into the humerus. Teres minor is formed from mesoderm in the developingĮmbryo. Keywords: Anatomy Teres minor Etiology of disorder Narrow muscle Scapula Humerus Studies have shown no relationship between them with differences in presentation and etiology. These can present as a variety of syndromes and associated pains.Ĭonclusions: Independent, isolated, teres minor atrophy is clinically distinct from quadrilateral space syndrome. However, teres minor dysfunction occurs in association with rotator cuff pathologies, in quadrilateral space syndrome, or independently. The teres minor serves as an important anatomical landmark to the quadrangular space. Results: The teres minor has a multitude of functional and anatomical variations as defined by different authors presented in this study. Focal points of this study included the anatomy of the teres minor, relations to the teres minor, and etiology and presentation of teres minor dysfunction. Images were also added from a separate source to aid in the understanding of the teres minor. All sources were read thoroughly, compared, and combined to form this study. Methods: Literature accumulated for this study was accumulated from PubMed using sources dating back to 1985. Relevant articles were retrieved with PubMed using keywords such as “teres minor”, “rotator cuff muscles”, “teres minor atrophy”, and “teres minor anatomy”. Purpose: This literature review is intended to provide oversight on the anatomy, incidence, etiology and presentation of teres minor dysfunction.
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